Language, when you need it

Present Perfect vs Past Simple

have/has + past participle vs. past simple (V2)

Present Perfect Continuous

have/has been + verb-ing

Narrative Tenses

past simple · past continuous · past perfect · past perfect continuous

Future Forms

will · be going to · present continuous · present simple · will be V-ing · will have V3

Conditionals (0 / 1 / 2 / 3 / Mixed)

If + clause, + result clause

The Passive

be + past participle (in any tense) · get + past participle (informal)

Causative: have / get something done

have/get + object + past participle

Reported Speech

reporting verb + (that) + back-shifted clause

Relative Clauses (defining / non-defining)

who · which · that · whose · where · when · whom

Modals of Deduction & Speculation

must / can't / might / may / could + infinitive (+ have + V3 for the past)

Gerunds & Infinitives

verb + V-ing vs. verb + to + V

Comparatives & Superlatives (B2 patterns)

as … as · the + comparative, the + comparative · far/much/slightly + comparative

wish / if only

wish + past simple · wish + past perfect · wish + would

Linkers & Discourse Markers

addition · contrast · cause · result · sequence · example

Concession & Hedging (high-band opinion language)

It could be argued that … · While it is true that …, … · tend to · arguably

Word Formation (prefixes & suffixes)

prefix + root + suffix → noun / verb / adjective / adverb

Phrasal Verbs & Collocation

verb + particle (+ object) · verb + noun partnerships

Indirect & Embedded Questions

Could you tell me + wh-/if + subject + verb?

Quantifiers & Articles

a / an / the / zero · much · many · a few · a little · plenty of

Past habits: used to / would / be used to

used to + V · would + V · be/get used to + V-ing

Inversion & Emphasis

Negative adverbial + auxiliary + subject · It is … that … · What … is …