Language, when you need it

Present Perfect vs Past Simple

have/has + V3 vs. V2

Narrative Tenses

Past Simple · Past Continuous · Past Perfect · Past Perfect Continuous

Future Forms

will · be going to · Present Continuous · Present Simple · will be V-ing · will have V3

Conditionals (0 / 1 / 2 / 3 / Mixed)

If + tense, … modal / tense

The Passive

be + V3 (across all tenses & modals)

Reported Speech

tense back-shift · pronoun + time + place shift

Relative Clauses (Defining / Non-defining)

who · which · that · whose · where · when · (whom)

Modals of Deduction & Speculation

must / might / could / may / can't + bare infinitive · + have V3 (past)

Gerunds & Infinitives

verb + V-ing vs. verb + to-V (+ change of meaning)

Comparatives & Superlatives (B2 patterns)

as … as · the + comparative …, the + comparative · far / much / a bit + comparative

wish / if only

wish + Past Simple · wish + Past Perfect · wish + would

Linkers & Discourse Markers

addition · contrast · cause · result · sequence · example